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1.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 35(7): 685-690, jul. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-766203

ABSTRACT

Although ultrastructural characteristics of mature neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) are very well described in mammals, much less is known in reptiles, especially serpents. In this context, two specimens of Bothrops jararaca were euthanized for morphological analysis of CNS glial cells. Samples from telencephalon, mesencephalon and spinal cord were collected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy investigation. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and ependymal cells, as well as myelin sheaths, presented similar ultrastructural features to those already observed in mammals and tended to maintain their general aspect all over the distinct CNS regions observed. Morphological similarities between reptilian and mammalian glia are probably linked to their evolutionary conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny...


Muito embora as características ultraestruturais da neuróglia madura do sistema nervoso central (SNC) sejam bem descritas em mamíferos, muito pouco é conhecido em répteis, especialmente em serpentes. Neste contexto, dois espécimes de Bothrops jararaca foram eutanasiados para análise morfológica das células gliais presentes no SNC. Amostras de telencéfalo, mesencéfalo e medula espinhal foram coletadas e processadas para investigação por microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Astrócitos, oligodendócitos, células microgliais e ependimárias, bem como bainhas de mielina, apresentaram características ultraestruturais similares àquelas já observadas em mamíferos e tenderam a manter seu aspecto geral pelas diferentes regiões observadas no SNC. Similaridades morfológicas entre as células gliais de mamíferos e de répteis estão provavelmente ligadas a sua conservação evolutiva ao longo da filogenia dos vertebrados...


Subject(s)
Animals , Bothrops/anatomy & histology , Neuroglia/ultrastructure , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Cell Nucleus Shape , Snakes/anatomy & histology
2.
Rev. colomb. biotecnol ; 13(1): 42-51, jul. 2011. graf, ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-600572

ABSTRACT

Los modelos experimentales en rata han sido de gran utilidad en las evaluaciones terapéuticas o de reemplazo de células en enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Se ha comprobado que las células de la médula ósea (CMO) de ratas pueden diferenciarse en células que no forman parte de sus linajes normales. Hay evidencias de estos procesos de trans-diferenciación, pero aún no se conocen los mecanismos moleculares que activan estos procesos. El propósito de nuestro trabajo fue estudiar el polimorfismo genético del ADN de los tipos celulares que conforman las CMO y las células del sistema nervioso central (SNC), estríatales y de la corteza de ratas mediante la técnica de RAPD. Las CMO, las células mononucleares (CMMO), las células estromales (CEMO) y las del SNC fueron obtenidas de ratas, y su ADN genómico fue purificado y amplificado mediante la técnica de RAPD, utilizando 15 cebadores al azar. Se construyó un dendograma de las bandas de amplificación generadas utilizando el método de UPGMA. Las células estudiadas según el análisis del RAPD quedaron en 2 grupos bien definidos, pudiéndose diferenciar las CEMO del resto de las células estudiadas. Los cebadores OPA-6, 7 y 12, mostraron el polimorfismo genético de los linajes de células estudiadas. Mediante la técnica de RAPD se demostró la variabilidad genética entre las CEMO y las CMMO, células estriadas y de corteza que mostraron una homogeneidad genética, proponiéndose marcadores específicos de RAPD para cada grupo de células. Este es el primer estudio del polimorfismo genético de las CMO y del SNC de ratas.


Experimental models have been of grate usefulness in the therapeutic or replacement cells in neurodegenerative diseases. It has been demonstrated that bone marrow cells (BMC), can be difefferentiated in cells that do not form part of their normal lineage. There is evidence of these trans-differentiation processes in these cells, but nevertheless, molecular mechanisms that activate these differentiation process still not known. The purpose of our work was to study the genetic polymorphism of those cellular types; that conform the rat bone marrow cells (BMC) as well as those of the central nervous system (CNS), striatum cells and cortex ones, trough RAPD technique. BM, mononuclear cells (BMMC), estromal cells (BMSC) and the CNS cells were obtained from rats and genomic ADN was purified and amplified through RAPD technique, using 15 random primers. A dendogram was constructed according to UPGMA method of the amplifying RAPD bands. Studied cells as- according to the RAPD analysis- were grouped into 2 well- defined groups, as CEMO coud be differentiated from the rest of studied cells. OPA-6, 7 and 12 primers showed the genetic polymorphism of the studied lineages cells. Also will be proposed specific RAPD genetic markers. Through RAPD technique permitted the genetic variability was demonstrated betwen BMEC and BMMC of striated cells and of cortex, which demonstratd a genetic homogeneity through RAPD technique so specific genetic markers of RAPD were thus propose for each group of cells. These constitute the first study on genetic polymorphism of BMC and CNS.


Subject(s)
Bone Marrow/abnormalities , Bone Marrow/growth & development , Bone Marrow/immunology , Bone Marrow/ultrastructure , Polymorphism, Genetic/physiology , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique , Central Nervous System/abnormalities , Central Nervous System/injuries , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Central Nervous System/microbiology , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure
3.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 30(8): 646-650, ago. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-559898

ABSTRACT

A infecção por herpesvírus bovino (BoHV) é uma das principais causas de doença neurológica em bovinos na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. O uso de técnicas moleculares de diagnóstico representa uma contribuição importante para o estudo dessa doença. Este trabalho descreve o uso de uma técnica específica de PCR multiplex para identificar BoHV-5 e BoHV-1 em 76 amostras de encéfalo de bovinos fixadas em formol e incluídas em parafina. Com base nas alterações histológicas, as amostras foram separadas em 2 grupos: o Grupo 1 era composto de 40 amostras de bovinos com meningoencefalite necrosante característica da infecção por BoHV; no Grupo 2 estavam 36 amostras de casos com encefalite não-supurativa inespecífica. Identificação de BoHV-5 foi constatada em 40 por cento das amostras do grupo 1 e em 33 por cento das amostras do grupo 2. Não houve amplificação de DNA de BoHV-1 em nenhuma amostra.


Bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) is an important cause of neurological disease in cattle in the Midwest Brazil. The application of molecular diagnostic techniques represents an important contribution for the study of BoHV. This paper describes the detection of BoHV-5 and BoHV-1 by a specific multiplex PCR assay in 76 paraffin-embedded samples from central nervous system (CNS) of cattle with neurological disorders. The samples were divided into 2 groups according to the histological features: Group 1 was composed of 40 cases of necrotizing meningoencephalitis (characteristic of BoHV infection), and Group 2 was composed of 36 cases of nonspecific nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. Positive results for BoHV-5 accounted for 40 percent of the samples in the group 1 and 33 percent in the group 2. No detection of BoHV-1 was recorded.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , DNA, Viral/analysis , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/isolation & purification , Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis , Meningoencephalitis/mortality , Meningoencephalitis/veterinary , Meningoencephalitis/virology , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Communicable Diseases , Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform , Neurodegenerative Diseases
4.
Campinas; s.n; 2010. 215 p. ilus, graf, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-617598

ABSTRACT

MicroRNAs são moléculas recém-descobertas de RNA não-codificadores que possuem de 21 a 24 nucleotídeos e que regulam a expressão após a transcrição dos genes alvo. Essa regulação pode ser realizada através da inibição da tradução ou da degradação do RNA mensageiro. Os miRNAs estão envolvidos em vários processo biológicos como, diferenciação celular e desenvolvimento embrionário, além de apresentarem expressão tecido e tempo-específica. Eles podem regular a expressão de pelo menos 1/3 de todos os genes humanos e estão envolvidos com a regulação do metabolismo e da apoptose. Os miRNAs são a chave como reguladores pós-transcricionais da neurogênese; estudos mostram que eles possuem a expressão associada com a transição entre proliferação e diferenciação e também tem expressão constitutiva em neurônios maduros, evidenciando o envolvimento dessas moléculas com o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Outros miRNAs estão sendo estudados e verifica-se que eles agem como reguladores de genes envolvidos em doenças como Alzheimer, Parkinson e, provavelmente, também devam possuir um papel na regulação das epilepsias. No primeiro trabalho, apresentado no segundo capítulo, investigamos o papel dos miRNAs no desenvolvimento do SNC através da quantificação de 104 miRNAs em cérebros em desenvolvimento de camundongos. No segundo trabalho, apresentado no terceiro capítulo, para analisarmos o papel dos miRNAs na epilepsia de lobo temporal, verificamos se havia presença de miRNAs com expressão diferenciada entre tecidos removidos de pacientes que se submeteram a cirurgia de hipocampectomia e tecidos normais provenientes de autópsias. Para ambos os experimentos, foram extraídos os RNAs dos tecidos e quantificados por PCR em tempo real com o kit MicroRNA Assay baseado em iniciadores com estrutura em stem loop. Nos camundongos, análises de bioinformática encontraram quatro cluster de acordo com a expressão dos miRNAs...


MicroRNAs are a new class of small RNA molecules (21-24 nucleotide-long) that negatively regulate gene expression either by translational repression or target mRNA degradation. It is believed that about 30% of all human genes are targeted by these molecules. MiRNAs are involved in many important biological processes including cell differentiation, embryonic development and central nervous system formation, besides they showed specific temporal-space expression. They can regulate 1/3 of human genes and are involved in metabolism and apoptosis. miRNAs are the key as neurogenesis postranscriptional regulation; studies previous indicates miRNA expression associate with proliferation and differentiation in development of central nervous system (CNS) and housekeeping expression in mature neurons. They are involved in several diseases as Alzkeimer's and Parkinson and may have a role in epilepsy regulation. In second chapter, we analyze the miRNA expression in mouse brain during four stages of CNS development; in third chapter, we analyze hippocampal tissue of four patients who underwent selective resection of the mesial temporal structures for the treatment of clinically refractory seizures. In addition we used control samples from autopsy (n=4) for comparison. In both experiments, total RNA was isolated from tissues and used in real-time PCR reactions with TaqMan¿ microRNA assays (Applied Biosystems) to quantify 104 (mouse brain) or 157 (human tissue) different miRNAs...


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Mice , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/genetics , MicroRNAs , MicroRNAs/physiology , MicroRNAs/ultrastructure , Apoptosis , Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology , MicroRNAs/genetics , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(3): 879-889, sept. 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-598952

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to determine the chronical stress effects on the encephalic NPY neurons population during the fetal Central nervous system development. Immunocytochemical techniques were used for this purpose: NPY neurons presented a similar morphology during the gestation days studied but their distribution varied in the anterior, medium and posterior brain. Statistical Highly significant differences in number of NPY positive neurons (p<0.01) among anterior, medium and posterior brain of stressed fetus (SF) were determined depending on the gestation period and the brain area. The NPY neurons were increased in ARC (Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus), PH (Posterior Hypothalamic Area) and DM (Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus) in stressed fetuses (SF) of 17 days, and in ARC of 19 days SF (p< 0.01) were detected in the different brain nucleus. The NPY population increased in PnO (Pontine Reticular Nu, Oral Part) and RITg (Reticulotegmental Nu of the Pons) of 17 days SF, while they were detected in posterior brain at Pyx (Pyramidal Decussation), Rob (Raphe Obscurus Nucleus) and RPA (Raphe Pallidus Nucleus) in SF of 19 days. They also increased in number (p<0.05) in DPGI (Dorsal Paragigantocellular Nu), CGPn (Central Gray of Pons) and PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus) of 17 days SF. Finally, any statistical differences were found among CF and SF in the following nuclei: anterior brain, AH (Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus), DM (Dorsomedia L Hypothalamic Nucleus) of 17 days; ME (Median Eminence)., VMH (Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus) of 19 days; medium brain in CG (Central Periaqueductal Gray), DR (Dorsal Raphe Nucleus) of 17 days and posterior brain in PnC (Pontine Reticular Nu, Caudal Part), PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus), RMgG (Raphe Magnus Nucleus), IO (Inferior Olive) of 17 days. The increase number of NPY neurons found in the stressed rat fetuses in all periods studied would indicate the participation of the NPY System in...


El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos del estrés crónico en la población de neuronas NPY encefálicas durante el desarrollo del S.N.C. fetal mediante técnicas inmunocitoquímicas. Se demostró que las neuronas NPY presentan un morfología similar en los días de gestación estudiados, pero su distribución varía en el cerebro anterior, medio y posterior. Se comprobaron diferencias altamente significativas entre el cerebro anterior, medio y posterior (p<0,01) de fetos estresados (FE), variando dicha significación dependiendo del día de la gestación y del área estudiada. En los diferentes núcleos cerebrales del cerebro anterior se detectaron aumentos en ARC (Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus), PH (Posterior Hypothalamic Area) de 17 días y DM (Dorsomedia L Hypothalamic Nucleus) y en ARC (Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus) de 19días (p<0,01) de F.E. En el cerebro medio se detectaron aumentos en DR (Dorsal Raphe Nucleus) (p<0,01) y PN (Pontine Nucleus) (p<0,05) de 19 F.E. En el cerebro posterior se detectaron aumentos en PnO (Pontine Reticular Nu, Oral Part) y RITg (Reticulotegmental Nu of the Pons) de 17 F. E. y Pyx, (Pyramidal Decussation), Rob (Raphe Obscurus Nucleus) y RPA (Raphe Pallidus Nucleus) de 19 F.E. Asimismo se comprobaron aumentos (p<0,05) en DPGI (Dorsal Paragigantocellular Nu.) de 17 F.E, CGPn (Central Gray of Pons) y PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus), de 19 F.E. Finalmente, no se comprobaron diferencias entre F. C. (fetos controles) y F. E. en los siguientes núcleos del cerebro anterior: AH (Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus), DM (Dorsomedia L Hypothalamic Nucleus), de 17 días; y EM, (Median Eminence), VMH (Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus) de 19 días. En el cerebro medio CG, (Central Periaqueductal Gray), DR (Dorsal Raphe Nucleus) de 17 días. En el cerebro posterior el PnC, (Pontine Reticular Nu, Caudal Part), PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus), RMgG (Raphe Magnus Nucleus), IO (Inferior Olive) de 17 días del cerebro posterior...


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Mice , Neurons/cytology , Neurons , Neurons/physiology , Neurons/chemistry , Neurons/ultrastructure , Stress, Physiological , Maternal Exposure , Rats, Wistar/anatomy & histology , Rats, Wistar/embryology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/embryology , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure
6.
Biocell ; 32(1): 1-8, Apr. 2008. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-541117

ABSTRACT

Cellular and subcellular organization and distribution of actin filaments have been studied with various techniques. The use of fluorescence photo-oxidation combined with phalloidin conjugates with eosin has allowed the examination of the precise cellular and subcellular location of F-actin. Correlative fluorescence light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies of F-actin distribution are facilitated with this method for morphological and physiological studies. Because phalloidin-eosin is smaller than other markers, this method allows the analysis of the three-dimensional location of F-actin with high-resolution light microscopy, three-d serial sections reconstructions, and electron tomography. The combination of selective staining and three-dimensional reconstructions provide a valuable tool for revealing aspects of the synaptic morphology that are not available when conventional electron microscopy is used. By applying this selective staining technique and three-dimensional imaging, we uncovered the structural organization of actin in the postsynaptic densities in physiological and pathological conditions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Actins/metabolism , Eosine Yellowish-(YS)/pharmacology , Eosine Yellowish-(YS)/metabolism , Photooxidation , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Staining and Labeling/methods , Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacology , Phalloidine/pharmacology , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Models, Molecular , Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Actin Cytoskeleton/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods , Oxidation-Reduction , Photons
7.
Journal of Forensic Medicine ; (6): 145-147, 2001.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-984822

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate ultrastructural pathological changes of Heroin-Addicts.@*METHODS@#Heroin-Addicts' central nervous system, endocrine system, immune system and reproductive system in 4 cases are observed by using transmission electron microscope(TEM).@*RESULTS@#The changes of central nervous system are mitochondrion swelling, crista fragmentation and disappear. Endoplasmic reticulum dilation, nervous fibres and cell organelles reduction; mitochondrion swelling, Partial crista fragmentation and endoplasmic reticulum dilation are also found in endocrine system; Lymphocytes reduction, cytoplasm ingredient reduction and dead lymphocytes increase in immune system; in reproductive system, spermatogenic cells and cell organelles are reduced in the male and follicle disappeared in the female.@*CONCLUSION@#Ultra-structural pathological changes of heroin-addicts are presented acute, chronic oxygen deficiency degeneration and necrosis.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Endocrine System/ultrastructure , Genitalia/ultrastructure , Heroin Dependence/pathology , Immune System/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron
8.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 32(5): 583-92, May 1999.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-233476

ABSTRACT

Fibronectin (FN), a large family of plasma and extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins, plays an important role in leukocyte migration. In normal central nervous system (CNS), a fine and delicate mesh of FN is virtually restricted to the basal membrane of cerebral blood vessels and to the glial limitans externa. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease, was induced in Lewis rats with a spinal cord homogenate. During the preclinical phase and the onset of the disease, marked immunolabelling was observed on the endothelial luminal surface and basal lamina of spinal cord and brainstem microvasculature. In the paralytic phase, a discrete labelling was evident in blood vessels of spinal cord and brainstem associated or not with an inflammatory infiltrate. Conversely, intense immunolabelling was present in cerebral and cerebellar blood vessels, which were still free from inflammatory cuffs. Shortly after clinical recovery minimal labelling was observed in a few blood vessels. Brainstem and spinal cord returned to normal, but numerous inflammatory foci and demyelination were still evident near the ventricle walls, in the cerebral cortex and in the cerebellum. Intense expression of FN in brain vessels ascending from the spinal cord towards the encephalon preceded the appearance of inflammatory cells but faded away after the establishment of the inflammatory cuff. These results indicate an important role for FN in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory demyelinating events occurring during EAE


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Female , Central Nervous System , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology , Fibronectins/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Central Nervous System/chemistry , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology , Encephalomyelitis/immunology , Encephalomyelitis/pathology , Fibronectins/chemistry , Immunohistochemistry , Rats, Inbred Lew
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 56(3A): 436-42, set. 1998. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-215301

ABSTRACT

Se bem que as análises bioquímica e de genética molecular sejam os métodos mais precisos para o diagnóstico de doenças metabólicas, os estudos morfológicos permanecem um método diagnóstico muito importante principalmente em países como o Brasil, onde os laboratórios clínicos nao estao aptos a realizar a maior parte dos exames requeridos para o reconhecimento destas doenças. Ainda, o exame anátomo-patológico é o único método diagnóstico para certas doenças cujo defeito metabólico é desconhecido tais como as lipofuscinoses ceróides, a distrofia neuroaxonal infantil e a doença de Lafora. Apresentamos nossa experiência com análise ultra-estrutural em 582 exames de conjuntiva ocular (n=320), pele (n=92) ou nervo periférico (n=170) realizados entre 1975 e 1996, em 486 crianças. Em 112 casos, o exame revelou-se anormal. Em 59, o exame ultra-estrutural isoladamente fez o diagnóstico. Em 29 casos, o exame foi menos específico, tendo o diagnóstico final sido feito através da combinaçao da análise clínica e patológica. Nos 24 casos restantes, o diagnóstico genérico de uma mucopolissacaridose foi feito em 8 casos, de oligossacaridose em 4 e o de gangliosidose GM2 em 8. Sempre que a análise bioquímica pôde ser procedida, o diagnóstico ultra-estrutural foi confirmado. Estes resultados sublinham a importância do exame ultra-estrutural em tecidos nao cerebrais em muitas doenças metabólicas, sobretudo quando testes bioquímicos nao podem ser realizados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child, Preschool , Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Metabolic Diseases/pathology , Microscopy, Electron
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 46(3): 292-7, set. 1988. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-57706

ABSTRACT

As bainhas de mielina que envolvem axônios no SNC säo feitas e mantidas por oligodendrócitos. Esta células gliais formam um número variável de segmentos de mielina (internódulos): entre 1 e 200, de modo que quando uma célula é lesada junto com ela podem ser destruídos numerosos internódulos, constituindo um processo desmielinizante. Como conseqüência da destruiçäo da célula-bainha e internódulos relacionados há uma resposta celular rápida e abundante. Esta resposta é feita por fagócitos residentes (microglia) e hematógenos. Ambas as células fagocitam os detritos celulares e de mielina, deixando os axônios desmielinizados. Estes axônios podem permanecer desprovidos de suas bainhas e aglutinados, podem ser separados por processos de astrócitos ou podem ser remielinizados. A ocorrência do processo de remielinizaçäo depende da intensidade e tempo de exposiçäo ao agente desmielinizante. A remielinizaçäo, com total restabelecimento da conduçäo pode ser realizada por oligodendrócito ou por célula de Schwann que invade o SNC sempre que os astrócitos säo destruídos


Subject(s)
Cats , Rats , Animals , Humans , Central Nervous System/physiology , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Oligodendroglia/physiology , Central Nervous System/ultrastructure , Myelin Sheath/ultrastructure , Oligodendroglia/ultrastructure
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